Although some studies have explored the relationship between CXCL13, CXCL10, and CXCL8 and NS in PLWH and non-PLWH, there are some limitations in the study, such as the relatively narrow definition of neurosyphilis (only relying on CSF-RPR or CSF-VDRL combined with clinical symptoms) and small sample size. Here, CXCL10 is linked to neurosyphilis.