In a model of HIV-1-associated brain inflammation, treatment with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone induced a neuroprotective M2 phenotype in microglia and reduced neuronal cell death (Omeragic et al., 2017; Omeragic et al., 2019). The gene discussed is PPARG; the disease is brain inflammatory disease.