Signaling pathways such as TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo regulate ECM-modifying enzymes, such as MMPs, heparanases and LOX, as well as ECM proteins, thereby altering the mechanical and structural properties of the microenvironment and facilitating BBB disruption and tumor cell colonization in the brain [80–82]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.