HNF4A and neoplasm: In addition, how CCL2-driven VDMN neuroinflammation alters vagal tone and hypothalamic feeding circuits, how hepatic HNF4α regulates LCN2 expression, and whether HNF4α also controls other hepatokines that promote wasting remain open questions.5 Additionally, many immune cells also express ACh receptors, raising the possibility that tumor immunity may likewise be modulated by vagal signaling in this process, which warrants further investigation (Fig. 1b).