Women who were smokers at baseline were more likely to develop cervical dysplasia (aHR 1.77; 95% CI 1.29–2.42), while those with higher CD4 cell counts at registration into the SHCS had a lower cervical dysplasia risk (per 100 cells/μL increase; aHR 0.95; 95% CI 0.90–1.00). The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.