Further analysis of liver morphology, the hydroxyproline content, and Sirius Red staining, and α-SMA IHC staining showed that Mock-CAR-Ms could not inhibit hepatic fibrosis, whereas the antifibrotic effect of TNC-CAR-Ms therapy was remarkable, with nearly complete remission observed in CCl4-induced mice (Fig. 3c, d; Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Here, ACTA1 is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.