SLC31A1 and central nervous system cancer: Costaining revealed elevated GFAP+-SLC31A1+, GFAP+-FDX1+, GFAP+-DLAT+, and GFAP+-DLST+ astrocytes in DSF-treated ECM mice, consistent with reports linking copper overload (e.g., via FDX1/SLC31A1 upregulation) to glioma progression [62, 63] and copper/zinc ionophores (e.g., CPT/ZPT) to astrocyte toxicity [64].