AGT and cardiac hypertrophy: Pathological cardiac hypertrophy arises in response to sustained pathological stresses, which commonly include hemodynamic overload (e.g., hypertension, valvular disease) or volume overload, but can also be triggered by diverse factors such as genetic mutations, neurohormonal dysregulation (e.g., excessive catecholamines, angiotensin II), metabolic disorders, or certain toxins.