In addition, extracellular lactate is reported to influence the tumor microenvironment to support tumor growth by inhibiting T-cell function (Dietl et al, 2010; Quinn et al, 2020), recruiting Tregs (Watson et al, 2021), inducing PD-L1 expression (Huang et al, 2024), and by polarizing macrophages to the M2 or immunosuppressive subtype (Bohn et al, 2018; Li et al, 2023; Shan et al, 2020; Zhang and Li, 2020). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.