VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Finally, given the well characterised pseudohypoxic phenotype of VHL-mutant ccRCC tumours due to aberrant HIF stabilisation50,51 and the resultant HIF-induced metabolic sequelae, we postulate that these types of tumours may be also somewhat pre-conditioned or metabolically more ‘robust’ to ischaemic insults than benign kidney tissues.