Further RCTs are warranted to compare the efficacy, including the associated PFS and OS, of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy combined with the TP regimen and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy combined with the PF regimen in patients with advanced ESCC with low PD-L1 expression levels. Here, CD274 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.