ALB and diabetes mellitus: After matching, both groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, BMI, ASA score, tumor stage, type of surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy vs. distal pancreatectomy), comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease), preoperative albumin and hemoglobin levels, and length of preoperative hospital stay (P > 0.05 for all; see Table 1).