Moreover, in a study Fusing CT morphology, AI probability, serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and a 7-autoantibody panel for 176 histology-proven nodules, a logistic model reached AUC 0.946 (training) and 0.856 (external validation, 80% sensitivity, 86% specificity), outperforming imaging-only, AI-only and any single-biomarker approach, with significant NRI/IDI (p < 0.05) and superior DCA net benefit, underscoring the value of multimodal biomarker integration for early lung-cancer diagnosis (117). Here, VEGFA is linked to lung cancer.