VEGFA and neoplasm: Through vascular co-option, tumor cells exploit pre-existing vasculature, while vasculogenic mimicry enables tumor cells to form functional vascular channels independently of endothelial cells (159, 160).These non-angiogenic mechanisms represent intrinsic resistance pathways that allow tumors to maintain blood supply without relying on VEGF signaling, thereby limiting the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies in certain gastric cancer patients.