APOE and dementia: While this hypothesis differs from prevailing toxic gain-of-function models for the APOE4 allele (Montagne et al., 2021; Jackson et al., 2022), it is consistent with recent reports showing that the APOE4 allele can confer selective advantages to its carriers, including better performance in cognitive tests (Zokaei et al., 2020), better working memory (Lu et al., 2021) and reduced white matter hyperintensity in human early-stage dementia (Vipin et al., 2023).