VEGFA and neoplasm: This stage emphasizes the need to traffic T-cells into the tumor; this aspect is helped by some immunotherapies such as ICIs (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4), engineered CAR T cell therapies expressing CXCR3, VEGF inhibitors that normalize tumor vasculature, and chemokine-modulating therapies like nanomaterials enhancing CXCL9 expression.