GPT and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: H rats developed obesity, HTN, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, fatty liver, and increased left ventricular collagen deposition. S. filiforme supplementation decreased body weight, abdominal and liver fat, SBP, plasma total cholesterol concentrations, and plasma activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. S. filiforme supplementation modulated gut microbiota without changing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. S. filiforme improved symptoms of high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats.