BDNF and Stroke: For the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases (stroke, traumatic brain injury), huc‒MSCs mitigate injury through VEGF‒mediated revascularization, trophic factor induction (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) reducing neuronal apoptosis, synaptic plasticity support, pro‒inflammatory cytokines suppression to restore neural circuitry and motor function (Peng et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2013; Qi et al., 2018).