HIF1A and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In various cell types, including glioma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and esophageal cancer cells, lactylation has been shown to promote cell proliferation by regulating signaling axes such as HIF-1α and YTHDF2-BNIP3, implying a potentially similar role in MSCs (Dong et al., 2025; Chen et al., 2023; Zang et al., 2024; Yan et al., 2024).