SQOR and congestive heart failure: In cardiovascular diseases, SQOR has dual functionality: in acute injuries such as myocardial ischemia–reperfusion, SQOR activation is protective, whereas in chronic heart failure, SQOR inhibition may be beneficial by increasing endogenous H2S levels (Nishimura et al., 2025; Luo et al., 2021; Salloum et al., 2015).