Among the NLGN isoforms, NLGN1 is predominantly involved in excitatory synapse structure, transmission, and plasticity, but has minimal effects on inhibitory synapses.While its direct link to ASD remains unclear, alterations in NLGN1 expression may contribute to cognitive impairments through disruptions in synaptic plasticity and learning-related neural circuits (82). The gene discussed is NLGN1; the disease is Cognitive impairment.