Comparative NT-proBNP cutoff values for diagnosis or prognosis differ regionally, and current universal cutoffs (e.g., ≥125 pg/mL for chronic HF, >300 pg/mL for acute HF) [82] may require adjustment in the context of atrial fibrillation, obesity, or renal impairment. Here, NPPB is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.