CXCL12 and neoplasm: The approach exploits two biological attributes of NSCs: first, chemotaxis toward stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), enabling efficient homing to tumor regions (migration efficiency >85%); and second, functioning as living secretory factories that continuously produce therapeutic molecules—such as an IL-13Rα2×CD3 BiTE—at ~5-10 ng per 10^6 cells per day while maintaining metabolic activity under profound hypoxia 140, 141.