PAK1 and cancer: Erinacine S, as an active constituent of H. erinaceus, exerts its anti-cancer effects by impeding cancer cell growth, promoting apoptosis, and operating through the p300/ focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/ p21-activated kinase (PAK1) pathway-mediated epigenetic modification of histone H3K9K14ac (acetyl Lys9/Lys14) within the promoters of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1), and death receptor 5 (DR5).