T. cacao's antioxidant effects may be mediated by upregulating endogenous defense enzymes via Nrf2/ARE signaling, counteracting NADPH oxidase-driven ROS generation 39,40 By restoring redox balance, T. cacao demonstrated greater protection than the standard drug, suggesting its therapeutic potential in preventing oxidative stress-related vascular damage in hypertension. Here, FMO5 is linked to hypertensive disorder.