Additionally, bioinformatic analyses andsingle-cell transcriptomes have shown that SPP1 promotes macrophage expansion andmediates cross-talk between atrial immune and stromal cells in AF [15].Meanwhile, emerging evidence suggests that SPP1 modulates immune responses bypromoting Th17 differentiation and inhibiting Treg function, thereby contributingto AF initiation [16, 17]. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and atrial fibrillation.