CSF2 and psoriasis: In psoriasis models, blocking the IL - 23 signaling pathway not only reduces T cell-mediated inflammatory responses but also significantly inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by NK-like cells, demonstrating a dual immune regulatory effect on “non-classical effector cells.” Moreover, GM-CSF, identified as a key downstream molecule of NK cells, plays an important role in inducing keratinocyte stress responses and immune cell infiltration, providing a basis for developing new therapeutic strategies targeting GM-CSF.