To explore the transcriptional regulation underlying these effects, we identified key transcription factors (TFs) with elevated activity in ASS-ILD monocytes, including ETV5, IRF5, IRF7, RORB, RORC, and SMAD1. Notably, ETV5, IRF5, and IRF7 are closely associated with interferon signaling (19–21). The gene discussed is SMAD1; the disease is interstitial lung disease.