Many genes including Gramd1a, Sephin1, NPTX1, and Steap3 in RIL175 cells, and TM4SF1, PDGFRA, and AOX1 in Hep3B cells are linked to stemness, Ras/MAPK signalling, or poor prognosis in HCC (56–61). Here, TM4SF1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.