Notably, unlike CTLA-4 monotherapy, the co-administration of L. acidophilus lysates provided significant protection against CRC development, characterized by increased CD8+ T cells and effector memory T cells (CD44+CD8+CD62L+) and decreased immunosuppressive Tregs and M2 macrophages (F4/80+CD206+). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.