Although no direct evidence currently establishes Esr1-positive LSNs as being directly involved in anxiety behaviors, several lines of evidence support their potential role (regardless of gender): 1) elevated Esr1 expression has been observed in anxiety-prone mice70,89, 2) specific activation of Esr1 has been shown to induce anxiety-like behaviors90, 3) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cohorts have also identified disease-linked ESR1 variants71,78,91. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and post-traumatic stress disorder.