IL1B and periodontitis: Using d-arabinose and d-galactose as community QSIs to treat T. forsythia OMVs reduces the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, resulting in decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 production by THP-1 monocytes.235 This result suggests that T. forsythia OMVs may partly mediate QS and that QSIs not only inhibit dental plaque formation but also restrain the proinflammatory response stimulated by T. forsythia OMVs (Figure 6A).235 QSIs may also have excellent potential to function on OMVs of other periodontal pathogens, showing great promise in periodontitis biotherapy.