In osteoarthritis, TGF-β plays an important role in enhancing chondrocyte regeneration and maintaining cartilage homeostasis, but studies have found that TGF-β can also drive the pathological formation of type H vessels, leading to the development of osteoarthritis, while inhibition of TGF-β expression can alleviate the disease, indicating the dual nature of its function (Cui et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2022; Liu Y. et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and osteoarthritis.