In a lung cancer model, tumor resection led to increased levels of pro-tumorigenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and a decrease of interferon-γ (IFN-γ);13 MDSC were increased after thoracotomy and promoted angiogenesis and tumor growth.14 This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and lung carcinoma.