TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: In LCM, a limited number of cytokines/chemokines were elevated compared to the RM, including IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-17a, PlGF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MDS, ICAM-1, sFlt-1, CRP, and SAA (Figures 3B, S2, and S3A–S3F).