This increased risk is due to various factors, including poor glycaemic control, medication use (such as insulin, canagliflozin and glitazones), episodes of hypoglycaemia, oxidative stress, complications of T2D (such as chronic kidney disease), and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products, all of which lead to changes in bone metabolism and structure [6, 7, 8, 9]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.