PAX8 and polycystic kidney disease: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox B plays a critical role in kidney function, and its abnormal expression is linked to polycystic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma.[46,47] Moreover, PAX8’s interaction with the wingless-related integration site (signaling pathway) (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway underscores its significance in renal tubule formation and differentiation.