Multiple molecular pathways such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) are involved in normal mucosal cells that are exposed to chronic inflammation and converted to cancer.[24,25] Therefore, targeting hypoxia-related pathways such as CXCR4 or HIF signaling may be a promising method for GB cancer intervention. This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and cancer.