GLP1R and colitis: Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis of colon tissues from EcN-HldSE–treated FDD mice during DSS colitis showed the up-regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism (e.g., Clps, Apoa5, Ces2a, Ces2f, and Cyp4f40), tight junctions (e.g., Marveld3, Ocln, Cldn7, and Tjp3), and epithelial structure maintenance (e.g., Lsr, Muc2, Muc13, and Tff3), mirroring changes observed in mice treated with GLP-1 receptor agonist (Fig. 6A).