TGFB1 and neoplasm: Moreover, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly associated with key oncogenic signaling pathways, including the PI3K-Akt, Rap1, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways, as well as with cell adhesion (Figure 6B), all of which are known to be critical in tumor initiation and metastasis (Supplementary Table S3).