Similar redox and inflammatory balance is observed in the affected epithelium of cigarette smokers with COPD and in asthma triggered by allergens, where FMN reduces ROS/MDA levels, restores SOD/CAT levels, and inhibits NF-κB/JNK signalling (Yi et al., 2020; Li et al., 2024; Derangula et al., 2021). Here, FMN1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.