FMN protects against asthma by modulating key signalling pathways, inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as the NF-κB and JNK pathway, reducing proinflammatory cytokine levels and immune cell activation, and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway to counter oxidative damage (Yi et al., 2020). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is asthma.