TGFB1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Preliminary studies on COPD, PAH, and PF suggested that FMN reduces TGF-β1, MMP-2/9, and NLRP3 inflammasome activity while increasing endothelial nitric oxide levels (Cai et al., 2019; Li et al., 2024; Ouyang et al., 2023).