ITM2A and neoplasm: Indeed, ITM2A has been shown to regulate autophagy in a context-dependent manner: in breast cancer cells, it enhances mTOR-dependent autophagy to inhibit tumor growth (Zhou et al., 2019), whereas in HEK293 cells, its overexpression disrupts vacuolar ATP synthase and blocks autophagic flux (Namkoong et al., 2015).