Indeed, ITM2A has been shown to regulate autophagy in a context-dependent manner: in breast cancer cells, it enhances mTOR-dependent autophagy to inhibit tumor growth (Zhou et al., 2019), whereas in HEK293 cells, its overexpression disrupts vacuolar ATP synthase and blocks autophagic flux (Namkoong et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene ITM2A and breast carcinoma.