CD40LG and coinfection: In other parts of the world, HBV/HEV coinfection prevalence rates of 18% according to ELISA and 6.25% according to real-time PCR have been reported in India [26], while anti-HEV IgG and IgM seroprevalence rates of 28.5% and 1.7%, respectively, have been reported in persons with chronic HBV infection in the USA and Canada [27], and a study among patients with HBV-related liver diseases in Vietnam reported a high prevalence of HEV infection [4].