In contrast, the vehicle samples of cell line M130227 predominantly upregulate factors that indirectly influence MAPK pathway activity through growth factor signaling and cell cycle progression, thereby promoting melanoma aggressiveness (e.g., PGF, CDCA8, DLGAP5, TPX2) (Li et al. 2023; Garrido and Vernos 2016; Ci et al. 2019; Pagani et al. 2016). Here, PGF is linked to melanoma.