VEGFA and glioblastoma: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved only a few treatments for GBM, including the chemotherapeutics lomustine (CCNU, 1976), carmustine (BCNU, 1977), and TMZ (2005), as well as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab (2009), and tumour treating fields (TTF, 2011)30,31.