CD274 and neoplasm: Although immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and atezolizumab, have shown promising results against TNBC, especially in TNBC patients with high expression of PD-L1 or elevated tumor mutational burden [8–10], their therapeutic efficacy is hindered by challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, the complex immune microenvironment, and the development of resistance [10, 11].