Cross-cell communication mapping revealed spatially relevant ligand–receptor interactions, notably CXCL9-CXCR3 and CCL5-CCL1/CCR5 between macrophages and T cells, supporting macrophage-directed chemotactic recruitment and cellular organization within the granuloma microenvironment.61These findings suggest that granuloma-associated macrophages in sarcoidosis function as persistently activated proinflammatory orchestrators of immune cell recruitment and matrix remodeling that contribute to granuloma formation and maintenance. The gene discussed is CCL5; the disease is Granuloma.