Moreover, peripheral cDCs demonstrate reduced functional capacity, with a diminished ability to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation despite upregulation of costimulatory markers, consistent with a state of functional anergy.116In contrast, moDCs exhibit proinflammatory function by stimulating increased TNF-α release when cultured with naïve CD4+T cells.105These findings highlight the compartment-specific behavior of DC subsets in sarcoidosis and suggest that distinct tissue microenvironments play a critical role in shaping their phenotype and function. Here, TNF is linked to sarcoidosis.