The authors identified preliminary risk factors for AAV-ILD, including age, male, smoking history, KL-6, ESR, MPO-ANCA, cough, dyspnea, and HRCT findings such as honeycombing, interlobular septal thickening, and lattice shadows, Ear, nose & throat involvement, Hb, alb, BVAS, and fever. Here, MPO is linked to interstitial lung disease.