The risk factors of AAV-ILD within age, KL-6, and BVAS in cohort studies were (WMDs = 7.05, 95 % CI: 3.13‒10.97), (WMDs = 257.34, 95 % CI: 157.20‒357.49), and (WMDs = −2.61, 95 % CI: −4.04‒−1.18), respectively (Table 2, Table 3, Table 4). Here, MUC1 is linked to interstitial lung disease.