NPPB and atrial fibrillation: Gibson et al.[21] (2009)demonstrated an independent association between preoperative NT-proBNP and AF,bringing an increase of 3.12 times more chances (95% CI: 1.48 - 6.59;P=0.003) of developing new AF at the postoperative time whenNT-proBNP levels were the highest preoperatively.