Recently it has been shown that chemokine CXCL13 levels increase significantly in the CSF of almost every patient with acute Lyme neuroborreliosis – even before a specific antibody response has been generated (if symptoms last <6 weeks, the Borrelia-specific AI can be negative in 10–30% of cases [136]). The gene discussed is CXCL13; the disease is Lyme disease.