HMOX1 and osteoarthritis: Sinapic acid has also been reported to enhance antioxidant enzyme activities through the pathway of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signalling and through the activation antioxidant enzymes that helps in the alleviation of different toxicity conditions including osteoarthritis (Li et al., 2019), Cadmium-Induced Hepatotoxicity (Farahat et al., 2025; Ahmad et al., 2021), 5-fluorouracil-induced nephrotoxicity (Ansari et al., 2023), Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity (Tungalag et al., 2025), and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis (Raish et al., 2018).