NFKB1 and Insulin resistance: Research shows that ferulic acid helps reduce inflammation and insulin resistance by controlling the JNK/ERK and NF-κB pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with TNF-α, and also through the NF-κB-MAPK pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells, when exposed to LPS-induced inflammation (Park et al., 2024; Yin et al., 2019).